A percepção de mulheres religiosas consagradas (freiras) sobre o processo de envelhecimento: implicações para o cuidado de enfermagem / The religious consecrated women's perception (nuns) about the aging process: implications to the nursing care

Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a percepção e o enfrentamento do processo de envelhecimento pela mulher religiosa consagrada, descrevendo compreensivamente a percepção que essas mulheres possuem sobre o processo de envelhecimento. A partir desta compreensão foi realizada uma análise dos depoimentos à luz da teoria da enfermagem humanística e por fim, foram apontadas estratégias de enfrentamento para garantir um cuidado humanístico. Método: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, utilizando o método de análise de conteúdo de entrevistas. Resultados: a análise deu origem a três categorias. A primeira categoria é "envelhecimento" e se desdobra em três subcategorias: a percepção do envelhecimento; a negação do processo de envelhecimento e o enfrentamento do processo de envelhecimento. A segunda categoria é "vida religiosa" e possui duas subcategorias: missão/ser religiosa e oração: a conexão com Deus. A terceira categoria é "cuidado", que se divide nas subcategorias: a realidade do cuidado e; como deveria ser o cuidado realizado. A Teoria do Cuidado Humanístico aplicada aos resultados mostrou como a enfermeira precisa se preparar e como se aproximar para cuidar desta mulher. Desta forma, após sintetizar tudo o que sentiu, percebeu e avaliou, a enfermeira pode agir de forma humanística. Para isso é preciso estabelecer objetivos terapêuticos em enfermagem a partir de um cuidado sistematizado para que a mulher religiosa possa alcançar o equilíbrio e a harmonia em todas as dimensões. Por fim, foi possível delinear uma proposta de ações de cuidado humanístico. Conclusões: As mulheres religiosas consagradas necessitam de um espaço de cuidado que as acolha no sentido humanístico e não apenas as cuidem no sentido biomédico. Particularmente os profissionais que as atendem precisam respeitar a história de vida de cada mulher e avaliar a possibilidade de continuidade de sua missão, adaptando sua vida de serviço à suas possibilidades funcionais e cognitivas.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the perception and confrontation of the aging process of consecrated religious women, comprehensively describing the perception that these women have about the aging process. From this understanding, an analysis of the statements was performed in the light of humanistic nursing theory, and finally, coping strategies were pointed out to ensure humanistic care. Method: This is a qualitative study, using the method of analysis of the contents of interviews. Results: the analysis gave rise to three categories. The first category is "aging" and unfolds into three subcategories: the perception of aging; denial of the aging process and coping with the aging process. The second category is "religious life" and has two subcategories: mission/religious being and prayer: the connection with God. The third category is "the care", which is divided into the subcategories: ... the reality of care and as should be the care performed. The Theory of Humanistic Care applied to the results showed how the nurse needs to be prepared and how to approach to take care of the religious woman. Thus, after synthesizing everything how she felt, perceived and evaluated, the nurse can act humanistically. For this, it is necessary to establish therapeutic goals in nursing from a systematized care so that religious women can achieve balance and harmony in all dimensions. Finally, it was possible to outline a proposal for humanistic care actions. Conclusions: Consecrated religious women need a space of care that welcomes them in the humanistic sense and not only taking care of them in the biomedical sense. Particularly the professionals who serve them need to respect each woman's life history and evaluate the possibility of continuing their mission, adapting their life to their functional and cognitive possibilities.

En Argentina, durante 2018 el aborto salió del armario pero no de la clandestinidad / In Argentina, during 2018 abortion came out of the closet but not from hiding

La autora de este artículo hace una síntesis de la evolución histórica y de las diferentes posturas religiosas frente al abor-to, describe su epidemiología mundial y la posición de la Organización Mundial de la Salud frente a esta problemática, resume el desarrollo y el desenlace del recientemente instalado debate sobre la legalización del aborto en Argentina y, finalmente reflexiona sobre lo que nos ha dejado este proceso político. (AU)

The author of this article summarizes the historical evolution and the different religious positions regarding abortion, describes its global epidemiology and the position of the World Health Organization in relation to this problem, summarizes the development and the outcome of the recently installed debate on the legalization of abortion in Argentina and, finally, reflect on what this politi-cal process has left us. (AU)

Comparativo de la calidad de vida subjetiva en los Centros de Atención Integral de dos países de habla hispana: perspectiva desde el envejecimiento / Comparative of the subjective quality of life in the Integral Care Centers of two Spanish-speaking countries: perspective from the aging

Resumen El propósito del estudio fue identificar las diferencias en la percepción de la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores que acuden al Instituto de Atención Integral en Saltillo, México y los adultos mayores que acuden a los Centros Espacio Mayor de la municipalidad de Providencia, en Santiago de Chile; así como las diferencias por sexo de ambas muestras. Se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa con alcances exploratorios. Se utilizó una versión adaptada del Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida para Adultos Mayores en Comunidad. Se eligieron, mediante un muestreo intencional, a 535 adultos mayores de Saltillo, Coahuila, México, 49% hombres (n = 262) y 51% mujeres (n = 273), y 300 adultos mayores de la Municipalidad de Providencia en Santiago de Chile, 11% hombres (n = 33) y 89% mujeres (n = 267). Los datos se procesaron mediante prueba de hipótesis para muestras independientes. Los resultados demostraron que sí existen diferencias significativas en los cuatro apartados del instrumento, siendo relevante el apartado Autonomía, ya que las diferencias se encontraron en los seis reactivos que lo conforman a favor de la muestra chilena. En cuanto a los resultados por sexo, se encontraron diferencias significativas en cada uno de los apartados.

Abstract The purpose of the study was to identify the differences in between the perception of the quality of life of the elderly who attend the Instituto de Atención Integral in Saltillo, Mexico and the elderly who attend the CentrosEspacio Mayor of the Providencia, municipality in Santiago de Chile, as well as the differences by sex of both samples. We used a quantitative methodology with exploratory scopes. An adapted version of the Quality of Life Questionnaire for Older Adults in Community was used. 535 older adults from Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico, 49% men (n = 262) and 51% women (n = 273) and 300 older adults from the Municipality of Providencia in Santiago, Chile, were elected by intentional sampling, 11% are men (n = 33) and 89% are women (n = 267). Data were processed by hypothesis testing for independent samples. The results showed that, if there are significant differences in the four sections of the instrument, being relevant the Autonomy section, since the differences were found in the six reagents that make it in favor of the Chilean sample. Regarding the results by sex, significant differences were found in each of the sections.

To Discern the Medical Thoughts of Heo Joon, the Best Physician in Korean History: An Analysis of Disease Experiences and Treatment Cases in the Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine / 의사학

Heo Joon is one of the best-known physicians of the Chosun Dynasty, the last imperial dynasty (1392~1910) of Korea. He had served King Seonjo during his practice, and has produced many publications on medicine. Then, how did he actually treat the patients? So far, other than the case when he treated Gwanghaegun's smallpox, it is not clearly known how and when he attended and treated the ill. In his most famous book, the Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine (TMEM), he details the physiopathological mechanisms, diagnoses, treatments or prescriptions, and treatment cases, however, it is not clear if they're from his own clinical experiences. Nevertheless, based on the written method, the original information is reconstituted according to its respective editors of the TMEM, a particular case being included may be considered as an agreement and acceptance of an actual treatment executed. This research analyzes what type of medicinal theory that the main writer Heo Joon employed in his real treatments, as well as how he diagnosed and treated diseases. After analyzing the complete series of the TMEM, we found a total of 301 clinical cases. Here, one may wonder, why does the Section of Inner and External Bodily Elements, that deal with diseases and the structure of the body, have far outnumber cases than the Section of Miscellaneous Disorders? Why does the TMEM introduce the various types of disease experiences and treatment cases, medical cases, simple treatments, nurturing life, materia medica, and also include supernatural phenomena? Why does the TMEM include the experiences and cases from the book published in the Song, Jin, Yuan dynasty of China, moreover in the Ming Dynasty of its time. These questions can be answered to the extent that Heo Joon and the others who participated in completing the book sought to justify the new clinical medicine practices, and because it had to be acceptable to the Confucius beliefs which dominated the society, and also because the book came to light in a time when tensions between the pre-existing Chosun medicine and the newly introduced Chinese medicine were evident. Among the clinical cases in the TMEM, there are only 41 cases that can be considered as Medical Cases which include the pathology and treatment mechanism. After analyzing these mechanisms, we were able to discover that they cover not only the theories of the 4 great physicians of Jin-Yuan Dynasty, but also the theories of the Danxi's Medical Current, a big trend in the Early Ming Dynasty, and some of the most recent clinical cases that had been just reported at the time. However, Heo Joon did not lean towards a particular theory of medicine; rather, he insisted on establishing a classical medicine based on the traditional medicinal scriptures such as the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon or Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica, and had created his own Body-Viscera medicine, as Shin Dongwon's recent research. Moreover, he successfully secured his own right to be a clinical physician by customizing the amount of medication in prescriptions for the people of Chosun. Heo Joon was one of the chief physicians for the Royal Family of the Chosun Dynasty. Despite the tendency of traditional medicine to lean towards Taoism or Fangshu, for him the most important thing was the actual treatment of diseases. As a result, Heo Joon successfully treated smallpox by utilizing traditional medicinal methods, by breaking the taboo of not using medication on such diseases, as well as he was able to treat an unknown disease, scarlet fever, by discovering the pathological mechanism of the illness. Also he made bold decisions on altering existing prescriptions to treat diseases more efficiently. The TMEM consists of not only justified methods that integrate the different and scattered medicinal and clinical practices, which many insisted their originality, but also was backed with Heo Joon's such credible and endeavored clinical medicine.

Diálogo entre o agnosticismo e o universo das religiões: o caso da empatia / Dialogue between agnosticism and the universe of faiths: the case of empathy

O artigo problematiza a possibilidade de diálogo entre duas cosmovisões consideradas antitéticas e excludentes, mas que podem ser vistas como separadas e complementares: o agnosticismo e a religião. Para tanto, introduz o conceito de empatia, condição considerada necessária para o diálogo entre subjetividades que queiram se relacionar e que é entendida como competência intelectual e emocional para compreender outrem e sua vivência, independentemente do fato do eu não poder reviver realmente a experiência vivenciada pelo outro. O diálogo empático, cujo sentido e história tentamos delinear a partir da análise conceitual e de sua contextualização no âmbito das ciências humanas, parece ser também a condição de possibilidade para a construção de um meta-ponto de vista complexo, capaz de ultrapassar, de modo argumentativo, uma suposta antítese entre agnosticismo e religião, em prol da própria sobrevivência dos atores do diálogo...

The article discusses the possibility of dialogue between two worldviews considered as antithetical and mutually exclusive, but that can be seen as separate and complementary: Agnosticism and religion. Therefore, it introduces the concept of empathy, a condition considered necessary for dialogue between subjectivities that want to relate and understood as intellectual and emotional competence to understand others and their experience, regardless the fact that I really cannot relive an experience experienced by another person. The empathic dialogue, whose meaning and history we try to draw from the conceptual analysis and its contextualization within the Humanities, also seems to be the condition of possibility for the construction of a complex meta-perspective, able to overcome arguably an alleged antithesis between religion and agnosticism, which must be dialectically overcome for the sake of survival of the actors dialogue...

El artículo discute la posibilidad de diálogo entre dos visiones del mundo que se consideran antitéticas y excluyentes, pero que pueden ser vistas como independientes y complementarias: el agnosticismo y la religión. Para tanto introduce el concepto de empatía, que se considera condición necesaria para el diálogo entre las subjetividades que quieren relacionarse y entendida como capacidad intelectual y emocional para comprender a los otros y su experiencia, sin importar el hecho de que el Yo no puede vivir realmente la experiencia que pasado el otro. El diálogo empático, cuyo sentido y la historia se intenta dibujar a partir del análisis conceptual y su contextualización en el ámbito de las Humanidades, también parece ser la condición de posibilidad para la construcción de una meta-perspectiva compleja, capaz de superar argumentativamente un supuesto antítesis entre la religión y el agnosticismo, que debe ser superada dialécticamente por el bien de la supervivencia de los actores del diálogo...

Quando a morte não tem mais poder: considerações sobre uma obra de Elisabeth Kübler-Ross / Cuando la muerte ya no tiene poder: consideraciones acerca de una obra de Elisabeth Kübler-Ross / When death has no power anymore: considerations on a work by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

O presente trabalho objetiva analisar as contribuições da obra Sobre a morte e o morrer, de Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, para a problematização da condição humana em pacientes com doenças em fases terminais. Após a realização, durante anos, de seminários sobre a morte e o morrer, a autora desenvolveu com seus alunos uma teoria a respeito dos estágios pessoais que um paciente e seus familiares passam nas circunstâncias de proximidade da morte. Esta abordagem fornece condições de possibilidade não só para esclarecer várias reações possíveis dos pacientes que se defrontam com a morte, mas também de compreender como as sociedades atuais não estão estruturalmente preparadas para encarar essa temática. Tal percepção consolida-se com a análise dos desdobramentos bioéticos da contribuição da autora, relacionando-os com as recentes pesquisas biopolíticas de Giorgio Agamben...

Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar los aportes de la obra Sobre la muerte y los moribundos de Elisabeth Kübler-Ross para problematizar la condición humana en pacientes con enfermedades en fase terminal. Después de la realización de un seminario sobre la muerte y el morir durante años, la autora ha desarrollado junto con sus alumnos una teoría acerca de las etapas personales que un paciente y sus familiares pasan en condiciones de proximidad de la muerte. Este enfoque proporciona condiciones de posibilidad, no sólo para aclarar distintas reacciones posibles de los pacientes que se enfrentan con la muerte, sino también para comprender cómo las sociedades actuales no están estructuralmente preparadas para enfrentar esta temática. Esta percepción se consolida con el análisis de las repercusiones bioéticas de la contribución de la autora relacionándolas a las recientes investigaciones biopolíticas de Giorgio Agamben...

This paper is aimed at analyzing the contributions of the work Abouth death and dying by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in order to problematize the human condition in patients with terminal illnesses. After conducting a seminar on death and dying for many years, the author developed with her students a theory regarding personal stages that patients and their relatives go through when death is near. This approach provides possibility conditions not only to clarify many possible reactions patients may have when facing death, but also to understand how current societies are not structurally ready to face this subject. Such perception is consolidated with analyzes of the bioethics ramifications of the author's contribution relating them with recent biopolitics researches of Giorgio Agamben...

Aborto induzido na interface da saúde e do direito / Induced abortion at the interface of the health and law

Objetivou-se investigar as crenças dos profissionais de saúde e de direito sobre o aborto induzido, por meio da pesquisa qualitativa. Para tanto, foram entrevistados 15 profissionais de saúde (médicos ginecologistas/obstetras, enfermeiros e psicólogos) e 10 profissionais de direito (promotores de justiça e juízes de direito). As entrevistas foram operacionalizadas com base em categorias determinadas a partir dos sentidos suscitados, processados em uma série de etapas. Dessa forma, os discursos dos participantes foram agrupados em duas categorias: atitude e aspectos jurídicos. A categoria atitude foi composta por crenças contrárias e favoráveis a essa prática, que se centraram na heteronomia e sacralidade da vida. As crenças favoráveis, por sua vez, estiveram ancoradas na perspectiva dos direitos reprodutivos e sexuais, na redução de riscos e danos e na autonomia da mulher sobre seu próprio corpo. Em relação aos aspectos jurídicos, verificou-se que os profissionais de direito apresentaram um posicionamento mais rígido quanto à punição das mulheres que abortam. Embora se tenha uma legislação sobre o assunto e normas técnicas de atenção humanizada ao aborto, as discussões não se encerram no ponto de vista jurídico ou deontológico; ao contrário, abrangem um leque variado de crenças, as quais podem guiar a atuação dos profissionais, tanto no cuidado à saúde da mulher como na interpretação dos seus direitos...

This study aimed to investigate the beliefs of health and law professionals regarding induced abortion, through qualitative research. Therefore, we interviewed 15 health professionals (doctors, nurses and psychologists), as well as 10 law professionals (prosecutors and judges). The interviews were operationalized based on categories, processed in a series of step. Thus, the speeches of the participants were grouped in two categories: attitude and legal aspects. The beliefs contrary to the decriminalization of the practice focused on heteronomy and sacredness of life. The beliefs in favor were, in turn, anchored in the perspective of reproductive and sexual rights, reducing risk and damage and the power of women over their own body. Regarding the legal aspects, it was found that the jurists had a more rigid position on punishing women who practice abortion. Although there is legislation on the subject and technical standards of humanized care to abortion, the discussions do not end on a legal standpoint but, in contrast, cover a wide range of beliefs, which can guide the actions of the professionals, both in the health care of women and the interpretation of their rights...

Koreans' Traditional View on Death / 한국호스피스완화의료학회지

Koreans' traditional view on death has been much influenced by Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and shamanism since ancient times. Confucianism emphasizes the importance of the real life in this world and highly praises doing good deeds for the family and the community. It also praises people who are enlightened by education and self-discipline. Confucian scholars admit that death cannot be understood by rational thinking although it is unavoidable as a cosmic order. Taoism sees life as the same entity as death; Both are two different aspects of the same cosmos or the wholeness. However, the disciples of Taoism became much interested in a long life and well being that may be achieved by harmonizing with the cosmic order. Buddhism thinks that death and life are an "illusion". It says that people can be enlightened by recognizing the fact that "Nothing is born and nothing is dying in this world. Everything is the product of your mind occupied with false belief." However, secular Buddhists believe in the afterlife and metempsychosis of the soul. This belief is sometimes connected with the view of the traditional shamanism. Shamanism dichotomizes the world between "this world" and "that world". After death, the person's soul travels to "that world", where it may influence life of people who reside in "this world". And shamans who are spiritual beings living in "this world" mediate souls and living people. In conclusion, there are various views and beliefs regarding death, which are influenced by a number of religions and philosophies. They should be seriously considered when making a medical decision regarding the end of patients' life.

The Experiences of Batswana Families Regarding Hospice Care of AIDS Patients in the Bophirima district; North West province; South Africa

The HIV/AIDS pandemic put significant strain on healthcare services in the country. Hospitals were no longer coping with the escalating number of AIDS patients. This resulted in the early discharge of patients; with some patients; too ill to be nursed at home; being sent to hospices for continued care. The Batswana had mixed feelings about hospice care; because their beliefs on patient care are based on the ubuntu philosophy; which emphasises the principle of caring for one another. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of Batswana families regarding hospice care for patients in the Thlabane township in the province of the North West as well as to make recommendations to policy-makers to ensure that hospices are accepted by community members and utilised effectively. A qualitative; explorative; descriptive research design was applied. Purposive sampling was applied to select study participants with whom in-depth unstructured interviews were conducted. A qualitative data analysis was done by categorising; ordering; and summarising the data; and describing the findings. The findings indicated that families of patients in hospice care experienced such care as foreign to their culture. These families also experienced stigmatisation; firstly owing to the stigma associated with AIDS and secondly because they opted for hospice care. However; they also observed the high quality of care provided by the hospice and understood its benefits for AIDS patients. The study concluded that hospice care relieved families of terminally ill AIDS patients of the burden of care and enabled them to keep on working and earning a living. Recommendations to policy-makers included enhancing hospice care and ensuring the provisioning of culturally safe hospice care

Fenomenologia e experiência religiosa em Paul Tillich / Paul Tillich's phenomenology and religious experience / Fenomenología y experiencia religiosa en Paul Tillich

O objetivo deste artigo é explicitar a presença da fenomenologia filosófica no pensamento filosófico e teológico de Paul Tillich, tanto na questão metodológica quanto na investigação do fenômeno religioso. Apesar de Paul Tillich ter tido uma metodologia própria em sua teologia - tal como o método de correlação e do círculo teológico ­ também se encontra vários comentários sobre a fenomenologia em suas principais obras e a sua aplicabilidade na investigação da experiência religiosa. A fenomenologia que se afirma estar presente no pensamento de Tillich não é nem uma fenomenologia "pura" ­ de acordo com o conceito de Edmund Husserl, nem uma fenomenologia hermenêutica concebida por Martin Heidegger, apesar de ter sido influenciado por ambos os autores ­, mas uma fenomenologia crítica, como sugerida pelo teólogo, que seria a união de ambos os elementos: o intuitivo-descritivo (fenomenologia clássica) e o crítico-existencial. Neste sentido, tem-se como ponto de partida da análise os comentários feitos por Tillich sobre a fenomenologia, entendendo o que o teólogo quis dizer sobre esta metodologia e destacando a relevância dessas observações para a construção de sua teologia e filosofia

The aim of this text is to point out the presence of the philosophical phenomenology in Paul Tillich's philosophical and theological thought, either concerning the methodological issue or the religious phenomenon investigation. In spite of Paul Tillich having had a methodology of his own in his theology ­ such as the correlation method and the theological circle ­ we can also find in his main works comments about phenomenology and its applicability in the investigation of the religious experience. The phenomenology that we assert to be present in Tillich's thought is neither a "pure" phenomenology ­ according to Edmund Husserl's concept nor a hermeneutic phenomenology inspired by Martin Heidegger, in spite of having been influenced by both authors ­, but a critical phenomenology, as suggested by the theologian, that would be the union of both elements: the intuitive-descriptive (phenomenology classical) and the critical-existencial. In this sense, we shall start from the comments made by Tillich on phenomenology, understanding what he meant about this methodology and emphasizing the relevance of those comments for the construction of his theology and philosophy

Este texto tiene como objetivo mostrar la presencia de la fenomenología filosófica en el pensamiento filosófico y teológico de Paul Tillich, sea en la cuestión metodológica, sea en la investigación del fenómeno religioso. A pesar de Paul Tillich haber tenido una metodología propia en su teología ­ como el método de la correlación y el círculo teológico ­ también puede encontrar, en sus obras principales, comentarios sobre la fenomenología y su aplicabilidad en la investigación de la experiencia religiosa. La fenomenología que afirma estar presente en el pensamiento de Tillich, no es una fenomenología "pura" en el sentido de Edmund Husserl y tampoco una fenomenología hermenéutica inspirada en Martin Heidegger ­ aunque fue influenciada por ambos autores ­ sino una fenomenología crítica, como lo ha sugerido el propio teólogo, que sería la unión del elementos: el intuitivo-descriptivo (fenomenología clásica) con el existencial-crítico. En este sentido, tienes como punto de partida los comentarios hechos por Tillich sobre la fenomenología entendiendo lo que quiso decir sobre esa metodología y destacando la relevancia de estos comentarios para la construcción de su teología y filosofía

Traditional Oriental Medicine and Integrative Medicine / 한양의대학술지

Theory of Traditional Oriental Medicine (TOM) is based on 'Yin-yang' and the 'Five elements' which are ancient chinese ideology for comprehending universe. TOM is also a kinds of ideological medicine, that contains confucian ideas, Buddhism, Taoism as progression of history and cultural trend. Ideological TOM explains physiologic and pathologic condition by 'Maintaining and Disruption of Balance' like Hippocrates, Galen, Ayurvedic medicine. The holy principle of comprehending TOM can be expressed as "To practice medicine based on ideological intuition". In western society original western ideological medicine was died out in the course of scientific revolution. But ancient and medieval oriental medicine is still in existence as a strong medical power in Korea. Recently, with the trend of academic integration, there was an attempt to find affirmative components of TOM. However, the theory of TOM is so different from any criteria for modern knowledge of science and seems to be incommensurable with modern evidence based medicine. As we know, science is the knowledge that could progress cumulatively unswayed by paradigm. To integrate TOM and modern scientific medicine, first of all, the theory of TOM must be made as a precise knowledge through strict ontological and epistemological study. The precise knowledge met clear study requirements will be integrated spontaneously, and Only that has the right to join competition for developing practical technical development. In this knowledge society, the survival and integration of TOM will not only achieved by ideological slogan but also emotional sympathy anymore.

Práticas estratégicas em uma rede de congregações religiosas: valores e instituições, interdependência e reciprocidade / Strategic practices in a network of religious congregations: values and institutions, interdependence and reciprocity

Neste artigo discorremos sobre a relação entre valores dos dirigentes, práticas estratégicas e imersão social de uma rede de congregações de confissão evangélica, estabelecida em Curitiba-PR, Brasil. O quadro teórico de referência no qual se apoia o trabalho articula a teoria institucional com a metodologia de análise de redes sociais e a abordagem da estratégia como prática. Consideramos 60 organizações religiosas na coleta de dados. A análise da rede revelou dois componentes que representam uma configuração do tipo centro-periferia dos padrões de relacionamentos entre os atores sociais. De modo geral, a relação entre contexto institucional, estrutura dos relacionamentos e atividades estratégicas aponta para a noção de interdependência e reciprocidade. Verificamos que valores resultantes de diferentes lógicas de ação são reforçados pela direção da rede, no que concerne ao seu potencial normativo, para influenciar a interpretação dos seus membros e suas atividades estratégicas. No entanto, a configuração centro-periferia da rede de relacionamentos revela a necessidade de se reconhecer tanto a dinâmica quanto o caráter fragmentado do contexto institucional, uma vez que as relações sociais operam de modo recursivo na construção e reconstrução de ações organizacionais que atuam em direção à homogeneização institucional.

Sobre bruxos e raças: economias de objeto-relação e os custos da ‘representação’, ou, como ser um anti-anti-fetichista da diferença / On witches and races: object-relation economies and the costs of 'representation' or, how to be an anti-anti-fetishist of difference

Por que tantos estudos acadêmicos afirmam a equivalência conceitual entre raça e bruxaria? A dissertação investiga as raízes e conseqüências deste gesto. Procura-se enfocar a maneira em que os dois objetos viram objetos de pesquisa enquanto representações. Uma comparação entre os programas de pesquisa—reputadamente opostos—cognitivista e sociocultural serve para delinear os pressupostos e limites de talabordagem. Lançando mão de uma perspectiva pragmatista e fenomenológica, a primeira parte do trabalho revela as dificuldades de um programa representacionalista em dar conta da instância concreta de identificação. Sugere-se que isto é resultado da sua ênfase excessiva na classificação. Fazendo uso das promessas de uma antropologia simétrica, a segunda parte re-examina a insistência da ciência social em `des-naturalizar´ os objetos através de uma exposição crítica da sua produção. Comouma alternativa ao anti-fetichismo da crítica social, a conclusão propõe uma maneira de tratar a alteridade capaz de oferecer novos objetos de saber e alterar nossa orientação vis-à-vis eles. O estudo de identidade poderia então ir além dos conceitos de reconhecimento, fronteiras, e exclusão.

A Cultural Perspective of Erectile Capacity and Ejaculation / 대한남성과학회지

A man should control his ejaculation until a woman has an orgasm if the couple desires to achieve mutual orgasms during sexual intercourse. In male-oriented traditional societies, men have sexual relations without concerns about female sexuality. On the contrary, men's erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation have been regarded as detrimental to sexual relationships since female sexuality has gained similar importance to male sexuality in the context of gender equality. Thus, many men would like to sustain erections for as long as desired and regulate their ejaculation like the experts in the Tantric sex or Taoism. Sexual techniques or teachings of the ancient Tantric sex or Taoism may sound illogical from a modern medical perspective, but they have something to teach us, such as focusing on foreplay to achieve female orgasm. Several issues on men's erectile capability and ejaculation are discussed in this article, while reviewing a variety of viewpoints on male sexual functioning.

O conhecimento de si nas Litterae Indipetae / The knowledge of himself in the Litterae Indipetae

Analisando um tipo específico de correspondência jesuítica - as Litterae Indipetae -, evidenciou-se um dinamismo de elaboração da experiência revelador de um modo de vida baseado no que comumente chamamos psicologia filosófica aristotélico-tomista. É a este vivido descrito nas cartas e a este modo de viver específico (com suas devidas implicações fundamentais) que se dedica este artigo, buscando responder à pergunta: em que medida o conhecimento de si expresso a partir de lugares comuns próprios do gênero de correspondência que são e da forma de pensar dos jesuítas (num âmbito histórico-cultural-institucional peculiar) pode interessar à psicologia moderna? Resulta desta investigação, que a elaboração do conhecimento de si, neste âmbito preciso, parte do pressuposto de que o homem é uma unidade (corpo e alma, razão e fé, sensação e intelecção) e de que, vivendo ordenado (em si mesmo e no mundo que o circunda), realiza-se o seu ser por analogia ao Ser Divino.

By the analysis of a specific type of Jesuitical correspondence - the Litterae Indipetae -, a dynamism of the experience's elaboration was outstanding, revealing a modus vivendi (way of living) based on Aristotelic-Thomist philosophical psychology, name under which this praxis has been usually referred to. This article is dedicated to this lived experience described in the letters and to this specific modus vivendi (with its due basic implications), searching to answer this question: in which measure does the category of knowledge of himself expressed, starting from proper common place as specific type of letters and of the way of thinking of the Jesuits (in a particular historical-cultural-institutional scope) can be of interest to modern psychology? It results from this inquiry that the elaboration of the experience of knowledge of himself, in this scope, starts from the assumption that man is an unit (body and soul, reason and faith, sensation and intellection) and that, living in an orderly way (in itself and in the world that surrounds it), fulfills its being by analogy to the Holy Being.

Sobre la dignidad humana / On human dignity

En primer término, se exponen unas ideas generales en el ámbito de las reflexiones bioéticas sobre cómo debe plantearse en su conjunto el problema de la dignidad humana. Después, algunas anotaciones muy concretas sobre las manifestaciones fenomenológicas y sobre las exigencias bioético-médicas de esa nobleza